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Monitors

The first computer monitors used CRT’s which made the monitor large in size. These monitors used to be monochrome with poor video quality. Later IBM introduced graphic adapter 1981 for color display which actually displayed four colors. But LCD monitor had a great impact on this market. With the advent of LCD in monitor, the size and weight of the monitor decreased and clarity increased but because of its cost it was restricted to laptops. CRT was still popular among general public because of their wider view angle and the lost cost but as the price of LCD decreased they become favorite and slowly stared replacing CRT. Though today LED is replacing the plasma and LCD screen science it has more sharpness and clarity but because of its cost it is still not the highest selling display unit.

Keyboard

The invention that led to the computer keyboard was typewriter, patented by Christopher Latham Sholes in1868. When it was first introduce, the keyboard (In Typewriter) had character arranged alphabetically but it led to jam on pressing the neighboring key in succession. This led to the arrival of QWERTY keyboard layout. When introduced in computers same QWERTY layout was followed with certain addition key like arrow key and function key. In addition to this a separate numeric keypad is also introduced with others key like Home, Delete, Page UP, Page Down etc. After that keyboard has gone through the various changes. Wireless keyboard, multimedia keyboard were also introduced.

USB

USB (Universal Serial Bus)

USB was introduced in January 1996. The idea was to standardize the connectivity of the devices. Also these devices were not plug-and-play devices. It was actually the brain child of seven different companies-Microsoft, IBM, Intel, Compaq, Nortel, DEC and NEC. The data transfer rate was also high as compared to the other ports. For USB 1.0 it was 1.5 Mb/s, referred to as low speed, and 12 Mb/s as full speed. Later in April 200, USB 2.0 was released with a maximum high speed data transfer of 480 Mb/s. now in 2008 USB 3.0 was also launched with a maximum transfer rate of 5 Gb/s. there is no doubt that USB has change the way we connect our devices to computer.

Webcam

Webcam was introduced in 1991 in Cambridge University Computer Science Department and was known as Coffee Cam. Science this camera could be used over the Internet or web; it was based on the fact that they are low in cost and are portable and the cheapest way for video calling. Today webcams are widely used for video calling, video conference and surveillance. It also help people who are hard of hearing in communicating through sign languages. Apart from these features webcam can be use for gesture control.

RAM

Before microchip memory was in the form of transistors, tubes etc. but then came the static RAM, developed in 1969 by Intel. Later Honeywell introduced the first dynamic RAM 1102 but that failed, so they come up with 1103. It was said to be largest selling chip during early 70,s. it was said to be the turning point in the history of integrated chips, since for the first time a fairly good amount of information could be stored on a single chip.

Processor

Single chip microprocessor was introduced by Intel in 1971, called Intel 4004. Before this, few hundreds of transistors were used and placed on a circuit board and then few numbers of these boards were used as processor. It was 4-bit processor which actually revolutionized the embedding system. Microprocessor increased the reliability as the design was simplified and there were few electrical connections. Then in 1972, Intel came up with the world’s first 8-bit processor Intel 8008. But the Intel 8080, introduces in 1974, became the integral part of personal computer and was used in MITS Altair 8800 computer and machines running CP/M operating System. In 1976 Intel introduced 16-bit 8086 processor which was later used to devise 8088 by IBM for the first PC. Major breakthrough can be dedicated to Pentium which was released in 1993, which had a speed of 60 MHz and could process data like images, handwriting, voice etc. In 2006 Intel come up with core Processor, which has speed of 1.6 GHz and consist of multiple cores.

Mouse

Mouse was introduced by Douglas Engelbart and Bill English at Stanford Research Institute in 1963. The device was named “mouse” science it had a wire at the rear, which looked like a tail. It used to wheel placed perpendicular to each other. Later in 1972, Bill English came with ball mouse. With time, this ball mouse became obsolete because of the laser and optical mouse. You no longer require a smooth surface to turn them and the wire which gave mouse its, name has also been removed because of Bluetooth technology.

History of computing: Timeline

Here we present a detailed timeline of events and milestones in the history of computing.

YEAR	Inventions and Discoveries
2400 BC	Abacus, the first known calculating device, was invented in Mesopotamia
500 BC	Indian mathematician Panini introduced the precursor to modern formal language theory
300 BC	Pingala invented the binary number system
87 BC	Antikythera put up Rhodes to track movement of stars
1614	John Napier invents a system of moveable roads (Napier’s Rods) based on logarithm which was able to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots
1623	Calculating Clock was invented by Wihelm Schickard
1642	Blaised Pascal invents a mechanical adding machines called Pascaline calculator
1822	Charles Babbage builds his first mechanical computer
1834	The Analytical Engine was invented by Charles Babbage
1835	Samuel Morse invented Morse code
1848	Boolean algebra is invented by George Boole
1896	Herman Hollerith begins the Tabulating Machines Company which later become IBM
1906	Lee De Forest invents the electronic tube
1911	IBM is formed on June 15, 19911
1937	Alan Turning developed develops the concepts of a theoretical computing machine
1939	John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry developed the ABC (Atanasoft-Berry Computer)
1945	John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly developed the ENISC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
1947	Douglas Engelbart replaced punched card with keyboard and screen display
1951	UNIVAC 1 (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was introduced, the first commercial computer made in the United State. The EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) began performing basics task
1955	Bell Labs introduced its first transistor computer
1957	Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2 are launched by the Russians
1958	ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency) and NASA is formed
1958	First integrated circuited, or silicon chip, is produced by US Jack Kibly and Robert Noyce
1964	IBM introduced the first word processor
1965	Andries van Dam and Ted Nelson coined the term “hypertext”
1967	IBM created the first floppy disk
1971	E-mails was invented by Ray Tomlison
1975	Altair produced the first portable computer
1976	Apple Computers was founded Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs
1981	IBM PC was born
1982	Commodore 64 became the best- selling computer of all time
1991	World Wide Web id launched to the public
1991	Linux was born
1993	Intel Pentium was released
1995	Java was introduced
1995	Window 95 was launched

How install Window 7

1-with USB medium (boot-able pen drive)

2-with window DVD

STEP 1-

First of all insert the medium through which you are wanted to install the window. If you want to install the window through pen drive then first make it boot-able and take extract form of window in the bootable pen drive and insert it in the USB port of your computer in which your want to install window.

If you want to install window with DVD then insert the DVD in DVD slot.

STEP 2-

In this step shut down the system and start again and press ESC button again and again until the setup menu is not appear. Once the setup menu is appear from there select the medium through you are installing the medium. If you are installing the through the pen drive then select the USB pen drive or DVD. And press enter key.

STEP 3-

Here you will get a blue color window in that you get written Install and one more option of language selection. In the language selection you select the language English (EN English (United State)). And click on install.

STEP 4-

Now you will get a small window in which will show your all drives. Select the drive in which drive you are want to install. First format that drive. Select that drive and click next.

STEP 5-

This step takes long time to complete the installation. In this step installation process happen. When this step is completed window will be automatically shut down. Start your computer now your system is ready to use with window 7.

Create Bootable USB Pen drive for Window 7

First open command window (To open the cmd window first click on ‘START” and write “CMD” in search box. Click on CMD then you will find a black color window that is cmd window.) And write there.

DISKPART

LIST DISK

SELECT DISK 1

CLEAN

CREAT PARTITION PRIMARY

SELECT PARTITION 1

ACTIVE

FORMAT FS=NTFS QUICK

ASSIGN

EXIT

Now exit the pen drive and it is now bootable.

Symbian

Symbian OS was originally owned by Symbian Ltd. Latter in 1998 companies like Nokia, Ericsson, Symbian come together and renamed it Symbian OS.

First devices to use Symbian OS were Ericsson R380 and were also referred to as first Smartphone. Later Nokia 9210 Communicator was regarded to be the first open phone based in Symbian Foundation was established which was a non-profitable organization and in 2010 Symbian Platform was officially made available as open source. Before Android and iOS Symbian was the market leader in mobile phones OS. Until 2011 Symbian OS was at the top in market share but now a behind Android. This made Nokia replacing Symbian with Window Phones as the OS for its future mobiles phones.

Blackberry OS

Blackberry is the mobile OS developed by “Research In Motion” for its Blackberry products. This OS supports multitasking and different inputs devices like track wheel, trackball. Now BlackBerry has replaced these devices with track pad and touch screen. Blackberry has once or rather still has a strong hold in enterprises or corporate.

Blackberry is best known to be a device for corporate. Well the reason behind this is the support for the corporate emails. Through BlackBerry Enterprises Server, organizations can integrate their mail server with the BlackBerry mobiles. It allows them to synchronize their email with Microsoft Exchange, Lotous Domino, calendar, contacts etc. for push emails and instant messaging (Blackberry Messengers)a  high security through message encryption, available on the device itself, is maintained. BBM was the first introduced in Feb 2008. This is equipped with feature like sending and receiving messages, sharing photos, sending music’s files, etc. BBM allows multiple Blackberry users to chat in a group. This made the communication between different users a lot easier and cheaper. This also gave other a chance to develop the same kind of app for different platforms. For these services, BB uses its own server. But it raised the security concern in the different countries. In addition to its fleet of mobiles, blackberry has also launched a tablet-Playbook.

iOS

Originally developed for iPhones, iOS was later extended to iTouch and ipad. Though Apple was not the first company to brought touch screen mobile phones in the market but the quality of the iOS and the iPhones brought in the market was not overshadowed by anyone in the market. It,s the iOS touch interface that created the market for the touch phones and it successfully created a stronger market for smart phones. Apple has always worked towards making life simple and easier. You can simply give the instruction to your phone and it will “intelligently” perform the task. Initially third party applications were not supported on iOS but today, according to apple more than 5, 00,000 Applications are present on Apple Store. 

Window Phone

Based on its history, one cannot expect Window Mobile to expand its market again but with Windows Phones we cannot say the same. Since Microsoft has collaborated with Nokia (which is still at the top as mobile manufacturer even after a drastic drop in the market share) for its Windows Phones. HTC was initially stuck to Window Mobile but later moved to Android but now with the launch of Mango (Window OS 7.5), HTC again launched mobile phones based on Windows OS. It include features like IE9, which work in the same fashion as in the desktop and for gamers it integrates the handset with XBox 360. With Microsoft Office mobile version and SkyDrive available on the phones you can synchronize your Microsoft Office.

Android

Android was actually purchased by Google in 2005 from a company named Android Inc. Released in November 2007, Android is a Linux based open source OS for mobiles and tablets. The first commercial version, which was Android 1.0, was released in P 2008. With the release of the Android 1.5 codename Cupcake, Android versions were named after desert. Like version 1.6 was codename Donut, 2.1 Éclair, 2.2 Froyo, 2.3 Gingerbread 3.0 Honeycomb and finally 4.0 Ices-cream Sandwich. One thing to notice is that the versions are named in alphabetically order. Out of all the version that are released only 3.0 is tablet specific.

Android has actually taken the mobile market with a storm. Android made it possible for companies to come up with cheap smart phones. It also gave the chance for the small companies to come up with their handsets, since they do not have to purchase the right of the OS. It shook the tablet market also, which was once impacted by Apple. Now the companies like Samsung, Reliance, Acer have launched their Android based tablets. Today anyone can buy a tablet for Rs 10,000. Also, the cheapest tablet, Aakash is based on Android.

Novel NetWare

Novel NetWare was the first introduced in 1983 and involved the concept of files of sharing. It is Novell’s Netware that made the networking what OS today. A robust operating system, Netware made it possible to use cheap Intel-based servers instead of costly RISC ones demanded by UNIX. To those not well versed in the inner working of UNIX, the advent of Novell Directory Service (NDS0 made managing networks easier than it was ever before.

MacOS

MacOS was the first introduced in 1985 with Apple’s Macintosh computer. At the launch, it was known as “system”. It was the first operating system to be based on graphical user interface (GUI) and that it stands apart from the other operating system. Also one does not need to have a hold on command like in MS-DOS. But there were certain loopholes in this OS. It did not support multi-tasking, that mean you could run only one application on it at a one time. Apart from that there were also compatibility issues with other OSes. Multitasking was brought in MacOS with the release of the system5. But the major upgrade in this series was System7.

Microsoft Window

There is no denying that Microsoft windows have revalorized the way of computing. With the growing interest of people in graphical interface, Microsoft introduced window 1.0 in November 1985. It was more of extensions of MS_DOS, where you do not have to type command instead move the mouse curser. It lacked the functionality, so Microsoft released the window 2.0 in 1987. But the major breakthrough was Microsoft Window 95, launched in August 1995. This version of window had networking support and was the first to have plug and play capability. This version also offered the multimedia capabilities. Within a year of its launched, it became a hugely successful and popular OS in world. Another Microsoft product that highly impacted the business world was window NT. Window NT was 32 bit operating system which was built to meet the high-end business requirement. Other features like processor independency, hardware and software popularity and multi-user environment made it stand apart from other OSes present in the market at that time.

Latter in 1998, Microsoft released Window 98 which was consumer specific. The quick Launch bar that we have today in Window was first introduced in Win98. Other improvement included support for USB devices and DVD and it is the last OS based in MS-DOS. After that Microsoft came up with enhanced and redesigned version of Window which includes Window ME, XP, Vista and 7. Now with the launch of Window 8 Developers preview, Microsoft seems to be ready to take the tablet market also.

Linux Operating System

Started as a small project in 1991 by Linus Torvalds, Linux turned out to be a revolution in the operating system market. Since then there is no turning back. It has grown from a small number of files of sources code to 300+ distros. From operating system to network storage, anti-virus to firewall, this open source software has everything to serve an enterprise. You do not have to play any licensing fees also.

When Linux kernel was first launched, it had restriction to commercial activities. But later was made available for the world for free. Torvalds then invited the programmer to enhance the functionality of the Linux but on a condition that it should be free. Though Linux is not much famous among the general public and the reason behind this is that its functionality. Also it is freeware you can not call for troubleshooting. But a large community of Linux programmer is available on the internet who is ready to help you out.

Syllabus for Mining Engineering

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Linear Algebra: Matrices and Determinants, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and Eigen vectors.

Calculus: Limit, continuity and differentiability; Partial Derivatives; Maxima and minima; Sequences and series; Test for convergence; Fourier series.

Vector Calculus: Gradient; Divergence and Curl; Line; surface and volume integrals; Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems.

Diferential Equations: Linear and non-linear first order ODEs; Higher order linear ODEs with constant coefficients; Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations; Laplace transforms; PDEs –Laplace, heat and wave equations.

Probability and Statistics: Mean, median, mode and standard deviation; Random variables; Poisson, normal and binomial distributions; Correlation and regression analysis.

Numerical Methods: Solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations; integration of trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule; single and multi-step methods for differential equations.

MINING ENGINEERING

Mechanics: Equivalent force systems; Equations of equilibrium; Two dimensional frames and trusses; Free body diagrams; Friction forces; Particle kinematics and dynamics.

Mine Development, Geomechanics and Ground Control: Methods of access to deposits; Underground drivages; Drilling methods and machines; Explosives, blasting devices and practices.

Geo-technical properties of rocks; Rock mass classification; Ground control, instrumentation and stress measurement techniques; Theories of rock failure; Ground vibrations; Stress distribution around mine openings; Subsidence; Design of supports in roadways and workings; Rock bursts and coal bumps; Slope stability.

Mining Methods and Machinery: Surface mining: layout, development, loading, transportation and mechanization, continuous surface mining systems; Underground coal mining: bord and pillar systems, room and pillar mining, longwall mining, thick seam mining methods; Underground metal mining : open, supported and caved stoping methods, stope mechanization, ore handling systems, mine filling.

Generation and transmission of mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic power; Materials handling: haulages, conveyors, face and development machinery, hoisting systems, pumps.

Ventilation, Underground Hazards and Surface Environment: Underground atmosphere; Heat load sources and thermal environment, air cooling; Mechanics of air flow, distribution, natural and mechanical ventilation; Mine fans and their usage; Auxiliary ventilation; Ventilation planning.

Subsurface hazards from fires, explosions, gases, dust and inundation; Rescue apparatus and practices; Safety in mines, accident analysis, noise, mine lighting, occupational health and risk.

Air, water and soil pollution : causes, dispersion, quality standards, reclamation and control.

Surveying, Mine Planning and Systems Engineering: Fundamentals of engineering surveying; Levels and leveling, theodolite, tacheometry, triangulation, contouring, errors and adjustments, correlation; Underground surveying; Curves; Photogrammetry; Field astronomy; EDM, total station and GPS fundamentals.

Principles of planning: Sampling methods and practices, reserve estimation techniques, basics of geostatistics and quality control, optimization of facility location, cash flow concepts and mine valuation, open pit design; GIS fundamentals.

Work-study; Concepts of reliability, reliability of series and parallel systems.

Linear programming, transportation and assignment problems, queueing, network analysis, basics of simulation.

Syllabus for Aerospace Engineering

Syllabus for Aerospace Engineering (AE)

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, systems of linear equations, eigen values and eigen vectors.

Calculus: Functions of single variable, limit, continuity and differentiability, mean value theorems, evaluation of definite and improper integrals, partial derivatives, total derivative, maxima and minima, gradient, divergence and curl, vector identities, directional derivatives, line, surface and volume integrals. Theorems of Stokes, Gauss and Green.

Differential Equations: First order linear and nonlinear equations, higher order linear ODEs with constant coefficients, Cauchy and Euler equations, initial and boundary value problems,Laplace transforms. Partial differential equations and separation of variables methods.

Numerical methods: Numerical solution of linear and nonlinear algebraic equations, integration by trapezoidal and Simpson rule, single and multi-step methods for differential equations.

FLIGHT MECHANICS

Atmosphere: Properties, standard atmosphere. Classification of aircraft.Airplane (fixed wing aircraft) configuration and various parts.

Airplane performance: Pressure altitude; equivalent, calibrated, indicated air speeds; Primary flight instruments: Altimeter, ASI, VSI, Turn-bank indicator. Drag polar; take off and landing; steady climb & descent,-absolute and service ceiling; cruise, cruise climb, endurance or loiter; load factor, turning flight, V-n diagram; Winds: head, tail & cross winds.

Static stability: Angle of attack, sideslip; roll, pitch & yaw controls; longitudinal stick fixed & free stability, horizontal tail position and size; directional stability, vertical tail position and size; dihedral stability. Wing dihedral, sweep & position; hinge moments, stick forces.

Dynamic stability: Euler angles; Equations of motion; aerodynamic forces and moments, stability & control derivatives; decoupling of longitudinal and lat-directional dynamics; longitudinal modes; lateral-directional modes.

SPACE DYNAMICS

Central force motion, determination of trajectory and orbital period in simple cases. Orbit transfer, in-plane and out-of-plane. Elements of rocket motor performance.

AERODYNAMICS

Basic Fluid Mechanics: Incompressible irrotational flow, Helmholtz and Kelvin theorem, singularities and superposition, viscous flows, boundary layer on a flat plate.

Airfoils and wings: Classification of airfoils, aerodynamic characteristics, high lift devices, Kutta Joukowski theorem; lift generation; thin airfoil theory; wing theory; induced drag; qualitative treatment of low aspect ratio wings.

Viscous Flows: Flow separation, introduction to turbulence, transition, structure of a turbulent boundary layer.

Compressible Flows: Dynamics and Thermodynamics of I-D flow, isentropic flow, normal shock, oblique shock, Prandtl-Meyer flow, flow in nozzles and diffusers, inviscid flow in a c-d nozzle, flow in diffusers. subsonic and supersonic airfoils, compressibility effects on lift and drag, critical and drag divergence Mach number, wave drag.

Wind Tunnel Testing: Measurement and visualisation techniques.

STRUCTURES

Stress and Strain: Equations of equilibrium, constitutive law, strain-displacement relationship, compatibility equations, plane stress and strain, Airy’s stress function.

Flight Vehicle Structures: Characteristics of aircraft structures and materials, torsion, bending and flexural shear. Flexural shear flow in thin-walled sections. Buckling. Failure theories. Loads on aircraft.

Structural Dynamics: Free and forced vibration of discrete systems. Damping and resonance. Dynamics of continuous systems.

PROPULSION

Thermodynamics of Aircraft Gas Turbine engines, thrust and thrust augmentation.

Turbomachinery: Axial compressors and turbines, centrifugal pumps and compressors.

Aerothermodynamics of non rotating propulsion components: Intakes, combustor and nozzle. Thermodynamics of ramjets and scramjets. Elements of rocket propulsion.

Syllabus for Agricultural Engineering

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Linear Algebra: Matrices and Determinants, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.

Calculus: Limit, continuity and differentiability; Partial Derivatives; Maxima and minima; Sequences and series; Test for convergence; Fourier series.

Vector Calculus: Gradient; Divergence and Curl; Line; surface and volume integrals; Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems.

Differential Equations: Linear and non-linear first order ODEs; Higher order linear ODEs with constant coefficients; Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations; Laplace transforms; PDEs­ -Laplace, heat and wave equations.

Probability and Statistics: Mean, median, mode and standard deviation; Random variables; Poisson, normal and binomial distributions; Correlation and regression analysis.

Numerical Methods: Solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations; integration of trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule; single and multi-step methods for differential equations.

FARM MACHINERY AND POWER

Sources of power on the farm-human, animal, mechanical, electrical, wind, solar and biomass; bio-fuels; design and selection of machine elements – gears, pulleys, chains and sprockets and belts; overload safety devices used in farm machinery; measurement of force, torque, speed, displacement and acceleration on machine elements.

Soil tillage; forces acting on a tillage tool; hitch systems and hitching of tillage implements; mechanics of animal traction; functional requirements, principles of working, construction and operation of manual, animal and power operated equipment for tillage, sowing, planting, fertilizer application, inter-cultivation, spraying, mowing, chaff cutting, harvesting, threshing and transport; testing of agricultural machinery and equipment; calculation of performance parameters -field capacity, efficiency, application rate and losses; cost analysis of implements and tractors

Thermodynamic principles of I.C. engines; I.C. engine cycles; engine components; fuels and combustion; lubricants and their properties; I.C. engine systems – fuel, cooling, lubrication, ignition, electrical, intake and exhaust; selection, operation, maintenance and repair of I.C. engines; power efficiencies and measurement; calculation of power, torque, fuel consumption, heat load and power losses.

Tractors and power tillers – type, selection, maintenance and repair; tractor clutches and brakes; power transmission systems – gear trains, differential, final drives and power take-off; mechanics of tractor chassis; traction theory; three point hitches- free link and restrained link operations; mechanical steering and hydraulic control systems used in tractors; human engineering and safety in tractor design; tractor tests and performance.

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING

Ideal and real fluids, properties of fluids; hydrostatic pressure and its measurement; hydrostatic forces on plane and curved surface; continuity equation; Bernoulli’s theorem; laminar and turbulent flow in pipes, Darcy- Weisbach and Hazen-Williams equations, Moody’s diagram; flow through orifices and notches; flow in open channels.

Engineering properties of soils; fundamental definitions and relationships; index properties of soils; permeability and seepage analysis; shear strength, Mohr’s circle of stress, active and passive earth pressures; stability of slopes.

Hydrological cycle; meteorological parameters and their measurement, analysis of precipitation data; abstraction from precipitation; runoff; hydrograph analysis, unit hydrograph theory and application; stream flow measurement; flood routing, hydrological reservoir and channel routing.

Measurement of distance and area; chain surveying, methods of traversing; measurement of angles and bearings, plane table surveying; types of levelling; contouring; instruments for surveying and levelling; computation of earth work.

Mechanics of soil erosion, soil erosion types; wind and water erosion; factors affecting erosion; soil loss estimation; biological and engineering measures to control erosion; terraces and bunds; vegetative waterways; gully control structures, drop, drop inlet and chute spillways; earthen dams; water harvesting structures, farm ponds, watershed management.

Soil-water-plant relationship, water requirement of crops; consumptive use and evapo­transpiration; irrigation scheduling; irrigation efficiencies; design of irrigation channels; measurement of soil moisture, irrigation water and infiltration; surface, sprinkler and drip methods of irrigation; design and evaluation of irrigation methods.

Drainage coefficient; planning, design and layout of surface and sub-surface drainage systems; leaching requirement and salinity control; irrigation and drainage water quality.

Groundwater occurrence confined and unconfined aquifers, evaluation of aquifer properties; well hydraulics; groundwater recharge.

Classification of pumps; pump characteristics; pump selection and installation.

AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING

Steady state heat transfer in conduction, convection and radiation; transient heat transfer in simple geometry; condensation and boiling heat transfer; working principles of heat exchangers; diffusive and convective mass transfer; simultaneous heat and mass transfer in agricultural processing operations.

Material and energy balances in food processing systems; water activity, sorption and desorption isotherms; centrifugal separation of solids, liquids and gases; kinetics of microbial death – pasteurization and sterilization of liquid foods; preservation of food by cooling and freezing; refrigeration and cold storage basics and applications; psychrometry – properties of air-vapour mixture; concentration and drying of liquid foods – evaporators, tray, drum and spray dryers.

Mechanics and energy requirement in size reduction of granular solids; particle size analysis for comminuted solids; size separation by screening; fluidization of granular solids-pneumatic, bucket, screw and belt conveying; cleaning and grading; Effectiveness of grain cleaners.

Hydrothermal treatment, drying and milling of cereals, pulses and oilseeds; Processing of seeds, spices, fruits and vegetables; By-product utilization from processing industries.

Controlled and modified atmosphere storage; Perishable food storage, godowns, bins and grain silos.